Biological Checmicals, Nutritions, and Health

Materials

Test tube racks, hot plate, 400 mL beaker, 3 test tubes, onion juice, potato juice, Benedict's Reagent, distilled water, Lugol's iodine, extracts of flour, cream, coconut, margarine, filter paper, pencils, dedicated Pasteur Pipet, water bath, Biuret's Agent, egg white, chicken broth, SuSO4, wax pencils, gelatin, Lite and Regular Pancake Syrup, Instant and Ground coffee, honey, olive oil, and peanut oil

Procedure:

1.) Fill the first three tubes with the appropriate carbohydrates and Benedict's Reagent.

2.) Heat the beakers for three minutes in boiling water and then observe them in a rack.

3.) Fill three tubes with starches and the appropriate amount of Lugol's Iodine.

4.) Simply observe the color changes and make estimates about what this means for starches.

5.) Mark each fat and lipid with the appropriate marker for the type it is on a piece of filter paper.

6.) Put the pieces of filter paper on the correct Pasteur Piper.

7.) Put the chemicals on the paper and allow them to dry. 

8.) Soak the pieces of paper in Sudan III and remove the papers. Allow them to dry in a water bath for 1 minute. Observe which chemicals had fats.

9.) Ad 1 dropper of egg white, chicken broth, and water to different tubes. Add in 1 dropper of Biuret's Reagent and mix the solutions together in each tube.

10.) Observe if the colors change from blue to violet. The ones that do contain protein.

11.) Each bench has unknown beakers. Conduct the tests on each beaker to figure out what chemicals are in each. 

12.) Use the software program on one of the computers to find the dietary value of one of your favorite meals in the past three days.

13.) Reflect upon the lab and what you have learned.

Gel Electrophoresis and Proteins

Materials

Gel apparatus

Gel Electrophoresis

Blood Types

Bracelets

Beads

Computer Program

Procedure

1.) Begin lab by dropping blood samples into the wells of the gel apparatus.

2.) Take the gel apparatus and put it into the gel electrophoresis.

3.) Come back to the class and get a computer generated DNA strand.

4.) Find the corresponding mRNA, tRNA, and amino acid.

5.) Once finding the amino acid, build a protein chain by attaching beads to the strand supplied earlier in the lab.

6.) Take apart the protein chain and put the beads back into their containers.

7.) Take out the gel apparatus after 40 minutes and observe how the different strands of blood have traveled through the apparatus.

Onion DNA Preparation

Materials:

Hot water bath

Diced onion

Homogenizing Solution

Beakers

Blender

Cold Bath

Cheesecloth

Procedure:

1.) Weight out 50g of diced onions and transfer it to a bigger beaker.

2.) Add 100ml of homogenizing medium and incubate in bath water for 15 minutes.

3.) Cool the mixture in an ice bath to 20 degrees celsius.

4.) Homogenize in the blender for 3-5 second intervals at low speeds.

5.) Pour into 1000 ml beaker and place in ice bath for 15-20 min.

6.) Filter the mixture through 4 layers of cheesecloth into a 250 ml beaker. Leave the foam behind.

7.) Dispose of your onion remains in the trash.

8.) Add 2 ml of Chloroform to the homogenate with a 5 ml pipette.

9.) Swirl the flask gently.

10.) Pour the homogenate into another 125 Erlenmeyer flask and leave the chloroform and protein layers on the  bottom. Rinse the flask carefully and use again.

11.) After the deproteinization, pour the solution in a 125 Erlenmeyer flask. Decant, making sure there are no proteins or chloroform in the homogenate even at the risk of leaving some homogenate behind.

12.) Pour the waste chloroform into a labeled waste bottle on the side bench. Do not pour down the drain.

13.) Place the beaker with the homogenate in an ice bath and cool until it reaches 10 to 15 degrees celsius.

14.) Slowly add ice-cold ETOH down the side of the beaker.

15.) Spool out and wind the stringy DNA on a glass rod by rotating the rod in one direction in the beaker.

16.) Interpret the results.

Genetic Architecture and Karyology

Procedure:
1.) Build Rebops according to their phenotype you choose.
2.) Find your Rebop's parents based on their genetic phentypic and genotypic traits.
3.) Mate the Rebops and spread the traits accordingly.
4.) Match the chromosomes on the webpage by picking out the homologous pairs.

Materials:
Pipe cleaners
Eyes
longer pins
styrofoam head
toothpicks
pushpins
computer
envelopes

Cell Division and Mitosis

Materials:
Prepared Slides
squashed onions
Microscope
Pipe cleaners
Plastic rings
Procedure:
1.) Brainstorm about mitosis and how the procedure might happen
2.) Examine the wet mount slides and identify the mitosis occurring
3.) Stain cells that are undergoing mitosis.
4.) Examine the different stages of mitosis with the plastic rings and pipe cleaners
5.) Make drawings of the different stages of the cells

Chapter 3: Diffusion and Omsosis

Materials:
Elodea plants
cheap perfume
Methylene Blue
IKI
thistle tube
thermometer
Solutions of Water

Process:
1.) Brainstorm solutions and explanations for selectively permeable membranes.
2.) Observe diffusion with a charcoal solution.
3.) Spray perfume and observe how long it takes for the solution to travel across the room.
4.) Put IKI and Methylene Blue into an agar and observe which solution dissolves more into the solid agar.
5.) Subject different elodea cells to different concentrations of water solutions and observe how the water diffuses into and out of the cells.
6.) Analyze the data you have collected.

Biology Lab Week 3

Materials:

potato

sweet potato

yam

rudebaga

apple

pear

microscope

Procedure

1.) Brainstorm different procedures on how we are going to examine and look for glucose in cells.

2.) Brainstorm the outcomes we expect from our procedures and write them down.

3. )While photosynthesis is occurring, examine the cross-section of plants and identify structures and label what process they play in the photosynthesis.

4.) Examine all of the storage products with this goal.

5.) Observe the different colors of the pigments and the distance of the gases that left the cells.

6.) Analyze the data and share it with the class.

                                                                             Microscope Lab                                                             

Matrerials:
Compound microscope
Stereomicroscope
Paramecium
Volvox
Potato
Onion
desicciated flies
computer chips
post cards
photographs
E. coli culture
Bread mold culture
Fern leaves with sori


Procedure:
1.) Take the compound microscope and observe inanimate objects.
2.) Take the compound microscope and again observe living organisms.
3.) Stain the potato and onions with IKI and then make size comparisons.
4.) Bainstorm who stole your ale, and come up with a plan.
5.) Anazlyze the samples provided to you and figure out who stole your ale.
6.) Analyze the data and figure out who did it!

Laboratory 1: The Secientific Method and Touch Therapy

The Scientific Method:
                     Is comprised of a multitude of steps and they all helps scientists make small deductions that can lead to much bigger conclusions and research.

Step 1.) Research- This includes biological journals and the internet
Before biologists begin research into a specified field it is necessary that they become knowledgeable of the subject matter they will research. By becoming familiar with what they will be researching, this enables scientists to then ask questions about the material. Any unanswerable questions are possible research material.

Step 2.) Ask Questions
          By becoming familiar with the material, biologists are then able to ask much more specific questions that become the basis for an experiment. For example, asking what is the structure of DNA allows a biologist to begin questioning how to go about the process of learning the structure.

Step 3.) Developing Testable hypotheses
             A biologist must come up with a hypothesis that is able to be tested. For example, if a question posed whether or not humans could drive safer drunk or high on drugs, a biologist could set up a controlled environment in which the same person could drive drunk and then later high to see which environment allowed for a safer ride.

Step 4.) Test the hypothesis
             This would be the portion where a biologist would have to begin slaving over the actual labor of creating this environment. If a biologist had multiple test subjects, one day they could all come and get drunk.
Let them then drive in a controlled environment and through surveys and crash records, record how well the subjects drive. The next day, let them come in and subject them to drugs, which would give them a high. Then, let them drive in this environment and observe how well they do. Record their own opinions of their driving through surveys.

Step 5.) Collect Data
            Take the data from your experiment and gather it. Render everything into a readable result; graph it, chart it, and write about it. Make positive the data has the potential to be analyzed.

Step 6.) Analyze Data
            Take the data you have collected and analyze it. See which test subject drove better, and how they felt about their driving. Which atmosphere created the safer environment, were there any side effects? This is the time to answer the questions posed in the earlier processes.

Step 7.) Interpret the Results of the Data
           If people had a record of less accidents and more confidence when drunk, then it would be a conclusion that driving drunk has the potential to be safer when driving high. On the same hand, if those who were high consistently had less accidents and drove slower, one might conclude that driving high would be safer than driving drunk.

Step 8.) Answer the Biological Question
               Does alcohol or cannabis suppress the body's systems to the point of being unable to drive? Look at the results from the experiments and make the necessary conclusions.

Step 9.) Publish the Data
               Publish the data for all to see, so others can expand and use your research.